Modern US history

As an intellectual enterprise, contemporary social sciences are replete with claims of social collapse. Over the last 20 years, scholars have proclaimed â€Å"the end of history,† â€Å"the end of politics,† â€Å"the end of work,† â€Å"the end of the family,† â€Å"the end of liberalism,† â€Å"the end of medicine,† â€Å"the end of ideology,† â€Å"the end of individualism.† There is little doubt that we are experiencing massive social change. As we are approaching the year’s end, something new is emerging, helter-skelter, in our midst that bears little resemblance to any existing political, theological, or sociological model of how the world is supposed to work. The social shifts are sufficiently different in character to have produced a new social form, one suitably widespread and anchored to become visible. This claim of a new social form lies at the heart of the postmodern contention that we have entered an era of ambiguity, and we argue that postmodernists advance this claim in a way that sociologist cannot ignore. While they are right on target in capturing the spirit of rapid social change that characterizes the present era, their embrace of the resulting â€Å"chaos† as a new social form is misguided: they mistake an era of societal transition for a new enduring social structure or even a hybrid of modern society. In historical perspective, what we are now experiencing bears a striking similarity to the place on the cultural and historical map that created sociology at the end of the last century. Rising suicide rates, the growing prominence of Protestant countries and the subsequent demise of Catholicism’s hold on the Western world, and the movement from agricultural to industrial production all have their parallels in the current social era. Rather than embracing the change and ambiguity they surveyed, and mistaking it for what â€Å"modern† society would be. One of the major tasks of sociology at the turn of this year is to struggle to understand the new institutional and personal structures that characterize contemporary social forms and not abdicate to other disciplines the task of making sense of emergent societal transitions and structures. A widespread belief seems to be emerging that the U.S. economy is in the throes of a fundamental transformation. The true enthusiasts treat the new economy as a fundamental industrial revolution as great or greater in importance than the concurrence of inventions, particularly electricity and the internal combustion engine, which transformed the world at the turn of the year. There is no dispute that the U.S. economy is awash in computer investment that productivity has revived. Economists have long been ambivalent about what social interactions constitute the proper domain of the discipline. The narrower view has been that economics is primarily the study of markets, a circumscribed class of institutions in which persons interact through an anonymous process of price formation. Throughout much of the twentieth century, mainstream economics traded breadth for rigor. In the first half of the century, institutional economics, which thought broadly but loosely about social interactions, gradually gave way to the neoclassical theory of general competitive markets. A pivotal development was the transformation of labor economics from a field narrowly concerned with work for pay into one broadly concerned with the production and distributional decisions of families and households. The important development was the emergence in macroeconomics of endogenous growth theory. Whereas classical growth theory assumed that the production technology available to an economy is exogenous, endogenous growth theory supposes that today’s technology may depend have been influenced by the past output of the economy. The broadening of economic theory has coincided with new empirical research by economists on social interactions. Unfortunately, the empirical literature has not shown much progress. Economics has sufficed with a remarkably small set of basic concepts: preferences, expectations, constraints and equilibrium. Widespread literacy is alleged to be indispensable to popular government. Dramatic changes in communication technologies which are said to affect exposure to traditional print media-we need to look afresh at reading’s political impact. Learning to read is a political act. Inability to read limits an individual’s participation in community life. It was probably for this reason that slaves in the antebellum South were kept illiterate. Even today, a connection between literacy and citizenship exists in evidence showing that persons who read are more likely than those who do not identify with larger political communities. American people are haunted by Old World hegemonies and hence are committed to individualism and modernism for philosophical and practical reasons. American people are a restless and contentious lot producing a kaleidoscope of attitudes about most social issues. The American people can be found in the election turnout figures and in gross economic indicators, to e sure, but they are more than that; they are also the meanings of their behaviors. Raised on a diet of political supremacy and technocratic invincibility, the American people were shaken to the core by 9/11. Shortly thereafter, a number of bromides caught the national ear: â€Å"America has lost its innocence forever,† â€Å"this is the first war of the twenty-first century,† â€Å"the U.S. just joined the world of nations.† At some point, history may prove these claims true. But 9/111 has already shown something more heartening: the functionality of a longstanding communal discourse. Admittedly, that discourse is shot through with contradictions and impossible overstatements. That contradictions and overstatements can prove sustaining to a people is a curious fact-an American fact. Reference: Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. Available on-line: http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html.

Problem Solving & Decision Making Techniques Essay

Over the past nine weeks of working in our home groups, we have entered and exited several problem solving and decision making processes. Although we have produced some good solutions, the overall process could be improved. In order to make our group more successful in implementing our chosen solutions we need to : improve on problem solving and decision making techniques, using discussion questions effectively with consideration of conflict management styles in the group. Applying these principles can help achieve true group consensus and increase the groups productivity. In accordance with the functional theory, five task requirements must be met in order to guarantee success. Our group needs improvement in 3 of 5 of the task requirements: discussing and creating criteria, identifying alternatives, and thoroughly evaluating alternative ( strengths and weaknesses) based on criteria. To refocus the group on improving our execution of the task requirements associated with functional theory, I hypothesize that PMOPS and PERT would be highly effective. PMOPS, acronym for procedural model of problem solving, is a flexible guideline that leads through phases of problem solving process. We must also improve our review process of procedures and proposed final decision. The use of systematic problem solving procedures, like PMOPS, keeps groups of point. This type of procedure makes sure group doesn’t miss any vital steps, which aids in producing effective solutions. As a group we need to create and rank our criteria, based on importance to group members. Clarifying what is important to individual group members fosters group satisfaction and provides insight to personal values. To the identify other alternatives, the use of critical thinking strategies can be effective for example: brainstorming and problem mapping. As we move through the decision making process and begin proposing solutions, a member should be listing all that are discussed. Often there are too many options to be thoroughly discussed due to time constraints. When encountered with the issue of time, narrowing the list of solutions becomes paramount. Some of the solutions may be similar, and therefore can be combined. If combining doesn’t eliminate enough options, we can take a vote on which are most favored. Voting, as a process of elimination, could assist members who are less verbal in stating their opinion (Nancy and  Albert). However, charting pros and cons can be a more effective and objective procees of elimination. All options need to be assessed for meeting out criteria. we seldom establish criteria at the start of a discussion, or follow through with any of the previously mentioned techniques. After selecting a solution we must implement it, preferably in my opinion, using PERT. † Pert helps do this by as king those responsible for implementation to makes a chart showing deadline dates for completion of various tasks and the names of individuals or groups responsible† (Adams, 2012). We can also improve our decision making process by effectively using discussion questions, to unearth true nature of problem/charge. Discussion questions allow the group to locate a solution, for problem, question, or issue, that focuses on what â€Å"should† be done. The use of vague or limiting question s could be stifling production of alternatives. † As an impact variable, the discussion question has a far-reaching effect on the systems throughput process and its subsequent output. We should try to avoid using either-or structure and including answers in questions. This is a manipulative ploy that is often used in our group, especially by me. Also using ambiguous or double-barreled vernacular can mislead or confuse the group. I am also a perpetrator of this, often used to persuade opposing members. Thoroughly discussing the problem also keeps group from becoming solution minded prematurely. My group often does this, jumping headfirst in deciding on a solution. We completely skip evaluating a generating alternatives. This can limit options that may be more beneficial for the group to perform better. PMOPS and other systematic procedures my correct this frequent group behavior. Putting to use the different conflict management styles in the group could possibly aid in our reducing the time used during our decision making process. If we better understand the styles in play we can become more cohesive and increase member involvement. Our group is seemingly fairly cohesive, but lack of member involvement (Albert and Nancy) possibly prove otherwise. Their lack of involvement, avoidance style, limits their input of opinions. So we cannot be absolutely sure where they stand and if they agree with decisions. Christina exhibits some avoidance, as it relates to conflict, and switches to collaborative style to eventually referee lengthy arguments. Mason usually takes on a competitive style, usually arguing adamantly and proposing supportive evidence for his  arguments. When this becomes fleeting, he turns to a more collaborative style to meet his needs. I was observed to be quite competitive until stalemate is reached, and the transition into an accommodating style is used to reach a consensus. I have assessed the problem solving and decision making processes my group most readily uses, as well as flaws in its execution. Our group could really benefit from the use of systematic problem solving procedures like, PMOPS and PERT. Coming to the realization that discussion questions are important, has influenced me to use them in discussion. They are necessary for clarifying the problem and coming up with the best possible solutions. With that being said; understanding and proper application of our conflict management styles will aid in all areas needing improvement. Bibliography Adams , K. , Galanes , G. (2012). Communicating in groups: Applications and skills New York: McGraw-Hill. Larson , C. E. , Lafasto , F. M. J. , (1989). TeamWork: What Must Go Right, What Can Go Wrong. Newbury Park: Sage.

A study of the background of the Montgomery bus boycott by Bernard law as a way of resisting apartheid and racial bias in the United States

A study of the background of the Montgomery bus boycott by Bernard law as a way of resisting apartheid and racial bias in the United States Sparked through the arrest of Rosa parks on 1 December 1955, the Bernard Law Montgomery bus boycott became a thirteen-month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Excellent court docket ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional. The Sir Bernard Law development association (MIA) coordinated the boycott, and its president, martin Luther king, Jr., became an outstanding civil rights chief as global interest focused on Bernard Law Montgomery. The bus boycott validated the capability for nonviolent mass protest to efficaciously undertaking racial segregation and served as an instance for other southern campaigns that followed. In stride in the direction of freedom, king’s 1958 memoir of the boycott, he declared the real that means of the Montgomery bus boycott to be the electricity of a developing self-appreciate to animate the battle for civil rights. The roots of the bus boycott started out years earlier than the arrest of Rosa parks. The women’s’ political council (WPC), a collection of black experts based in 1946, had already became their attention to Jim Crow practices on the Montgomery town buses. In a meeting with mayor w. A. Gayle in march 1954, the councils participants outlined the changes they sought for Montgomery’s bus machine: no person status over empty seats; a decree that black individuals no longer be made to pay at the front of the bus and input from the rear; and a coverage that might require buses to forestall at every corner in black residential areas, as they did in white groups. When the meeting didnt produce any meaningful change, WPC president Jo Ann Robinson reiterated the council’s requests in a 21 might also letter to mayor Gayle, telling him, ‘‘there has been communicate from twenty-five or more nearby agencies of planning a metropolis-extensive boycott of busse s’’(‘‘a letter from the girls’ political council’’)7. A year after the WPC’s assembly with mayor Gayle, a fifteen-year-old named Claudette Colvin changed into arrested for challenging segregation on a 1st viscount Montgomery of Alamein bus. Seven months later, 18-year-vintage Mary Louise smith become arrested for refusing to yield her seat to a white passenger. Neither arrest, but, mobilized Sir Bernard Law’s black network like that of Rosa parks later that year3. King recalled in his memoir that ‘‘Mrs. Parks become best for the position assigned to her through history,’’ and because ‘‘her individual was impeccable and her determination deep-rooted’’ she become ‘‘one of the most reputable people in the Negro network’’ (king, forty four). Robinson and the wpc responded to parks’ arrest via calling for a one-day protest of the city’s buses on 5 December 19558. Robinson prepared a chain of leaflets at Alabama state college and organiz ed businesses to distribute them at some stage in the black network. In the meantime, after securing bail for parks with Clifford and Virginia Durr, e. D. Nixon, beyond chief of the Sir Bernard Law bankruptcy of the national affiliation for the advancement of coloured people (naacp), started to name local black leaders, inclusive of ralph Abernathy and king, to organize a planning meeting. On 2 December, black ministers and leaders met at Dexter Avenue Baptist church and agreed to publicize the 5 December boycott. The deliberate protest received surprising publicity in the weekend newspapers and in radio and TV reports1. On fifth December, 90 percent of 1st viscount Montgomery of Alamein’s black citizens stayed off the buses. That afternoon, the metropolis’s ministers and leaders met to discuss the opportunity of extending the boycott into a long-time period marketing campaign. During this meeting the mia changed into shaped, and king became elected president. Parks recalled: ‘‘the benefit of getting dr. King as president turned into that he was so new to Montgomery and to civil rights paintings that he hadn’t been there long enough to make any robust friends or enemies’’ 6. That nighttime, at a mass assembly at Holt Street Baptist church, the mia voted to maintain the boycott. King spoke to several thousand people at the meeting: ‘‘I want it to be recognized that we’re going to work with grim and ambitious determination to gain justice at the buses on this city. And we are not incorrect†¦ if were wrong, the splendid courtroom of this state is incorrect. If were incorrect, the constitution of the USA is inaccurate1. If were incorrect, god almighty is wrong’’ (papers three: 73). After unsuccessful talks with city commissioners and bus enterprise officials, on 8 December the mia issued a formal listing of demands: courteous treatment by bus operators; first-come, first-served seating for all, with blacks seating from the rear and whites from the front; and black bus operators on predominately black routes. The needs have been now not met, and Sir Bernard Law’s black residents stayed off the buses via 1956, no matter efforts by metropolis officers and white residents to defeat the boycott. After the city started out to penalize black taxi drivers for assisting the boycotters, the mia prepared a carpool. Following the recommendation of t. J. Jemison, who had organized a carpool during a 1953 bus boycott in Baton Rouge, the mia developed an intricate carpool system of about three hundred vehicles. Robert Hughes and others from the Alabama council for human relations prepared meetings among the mia and town officers, but no agreements have been reached. In early 1956, the houses of king and E. D. Nixon have been bombed. King was capable of calm the gang that collected at his domestic by using affirming: ‘‘be calm as I and my circle of relatives are. We are not hurt and remember that if something occurs to me, there can be others to take my location’’ (papers 3: a hundred and fifteen). Town officials obtained injunctions towards the boycott in February 1956, and indicted over 80 boycott leaders under a 1921 regulation prohibiting conspiracies that interfered with lawful commercial enterprise. King changed into tried and convicted at the fee and ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail inside the case kingdom of Alabama v. Martin Luther king, Jr. In spite of this resistance, the boycott continued. Although most of the exposure approximately the protest turned into targeted at the actions of black ministers, ladies played essential roles within the achievement of the boycott. Women such as Robinson, Johnnie Carr, and Irene west sustained the mia committees and volunteer networks. Mary truthful Burks of the wpc also attributed the success of the boycott to ‘‘the anonymous chefs and maids who walked countless miles for a 12 months to bring about the breach inside the walls of segregation’’ (Burks, ‘‘trailblazers,’’ eighty two). In his memoir, king quotes an elderly girl who proclaimed that she had joined the boycott not for her personal advantage but for the best of her youngsters and grandchildren (king, 78). National insurance of the boycott and king’s trial resulted in assist from humans outside Montgomery. In early 1956 veteran pacifists Bayard Rustin and Glenn e. Smiley visited Bernard Law Montgomery and offered king recommendation at the application of gandhian strategies and nonviolence to American race family members. Rustin, Ella baker, and Stanley Levison founded in friendship to raise funds inside the north for southern civil rights efforts, consisting of the bus boycott. King absorbed thoughts from those proponents of nonviolent direct movement and crafted his very own syntheses of gandhian principles of nonviolence. He said: ‘‘Christ showed us the way, and Gandhi in India showed it can paintings’’ (Rowland, ‘‘2,500 right here hail’’). Other followers of gandhian thoughts which includes Richard Gregg, William Stuart nelson, and homer jack wrote the mia presenting help. On 5 June 1956, the federal district courtroom dominated in Browder v. Gayle that bus segregation became unconstitutional, and in November 1956 the U.S. Superb court docket affirmed Browder v. Gayle and struck down legal guidelines requiring segregated seating on public buses. The courtroom’s choice came the same day that king and the mia were in circuit courtroom difficult an injunction towards the mia carpools. Resolved no longer to cease the boycott till the order to desegregate the buses without a doubt arrived in Bernard Law Montgomery, the mia operated without the carpool device for a month. The very best courtroom upheld the decrease court docket’s ruling, and on 20 December 1956 king called for the end of the boycott; the network agreed. The following morning, he boarded an integrated bus with ralph Abernathy, e. D. Nixon, and Glenn smiley. King stated of the bus boycott: ‘‘we got here to see that, in the end, its miles more honorable to walk in dign ity than ride in humiliation. So †¦ we determined to substitute tired toes for tired souls, and stroll the streets of Montgomery’’ (papers three: 486)4. King’s function in the bus boycott garnered global attention, and the mia’s approaches of mixing mass nonviolent protest with Christian ethics have become the model for tough segregation inside the south.

Analysis of Fredrick Douglass's speech of what to the slave is the Essay

Analysis of Fredrick Douglass's speech of what to the slave is the fourth of july - Essay Example When Fredrick was young, he was grossly mistreated. He often competed with his master’s dogs for table scraps and bones to keep him from starving. He started to serve as a houseboy in the home of Hugh and Sophia Auld in Baltimore in 1825. This is where he was taught how to read and write. However her husband came to know of it and put a stop to it. At this time, Douglass had acquired enough to decipher many ills that were happening in the time. This early life of Fredrick Douglass affected his life later as He looked to address slavery sternly and try to emancipate his fellow statesmen from its fangs. He was really infuriated by the double standards in the time and the state of slavery that he had been brought up. His speech analysis below addresses the themes and styles he used to address the issue (Nick 1993). Douglas addresses the issue of slavery by using themes which generally pass the message better to the public and the audience that he is addressing. He emphasizes on the need to get knowledge and education so that they can be able to curb slavery and have equal rights with the people who held them as slaves. He says ‘No nation can now shut itself up from the surrounding world, and trot round in the same old paths of its fathers without interference. The time was when such could be done. Long established customs of hurtful characters could formerly fence themselves in, and do their evil work with social impunity. Knowledge was then confined and enjoyed by the privileged few, and the multitude walked on in mental darkness. But a change has now come over the affairs of mankind’ (pp. 419). In this excerpt, he shows the importance of knowledge as the tool that was to be used to salvage the Americans from the bondage of slavery. He further uses a metaphor to show the lack of knowledge by terming it as mental darkness. This helps in passing the message well. In his speech, Douglass uses literary skills to give the audience hope

Artist Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Artist Research - Essay Example The two images, the mother/daughter, and the Rites of Passage show tensions coming up as the digital representation connects with both the photographic or analogue view. Both images are created using a video digitizer and then superimposed on a live video image. The final images are as photographs from the computer monitor. Joan Truckenbrod uses various phenomena in her work in trying to make an impression in the eye. Both of these works are envisioned into the natural world that at many times is invisible from the naked eye. She uses phenomena such as wind currents reshaping material in their path and electrical vibration with electrons theatrically playing. Her algorithmic images extended into color and transformative patterns (Renee Diane Klaas, 2) The invisible phenomena in motion are represented by patterns from sequential series and finally they are transferred on fabric by used of xerography. As a digital artist, Joan Truckenbrod’s work is truly a masterpiece. To start with the images are truly eye catching and only then does an artist realize the energy and effort put in making the images a reality is just incredible. She is a pioneer in the digital arts being a professor in Art and Technology Department at The School of Art Institute in Chicago. She is among the first artists to exhibit digital images in the 70’s. Art is a story and Joan can tell her stories and express what she sees in her world in a very creative manner. The use of various phenomena in the production of her digital images is just remarkable (Renee Diane Klaas, 2).Any artist viewing her work can realize that digital production goes beyond algorithmic images but the artist has to put in a lot of creativity in balancing the different phenomena so that the final product is remarkable. Both her works show the deep inspiration of an artist expressing herself to the world. Works of art should not only be by impulse or the desire of an artist to be busy.

What causes conflict in organizations Research Paper

What causes conflict in organizations - Research Paper Example As such, there is a large disparity on the effects of the conflicts to a firm.The first main cause of conflicts in organizations is differing values and beliefs. Most firms have their values and goals at heart and ensure all the employees are inclined towards achieving all these goals. Most of the organizations have various strategies which are geared towards achieving the goals and values that are openly stated. On the other hand, all the employees have their values and goals which are at heart. While the organization is striving to achieve its goals and values, the other employees are also struggling to achieve their goals. This brings conflict of interest where each entity is inclined towards achieving its goals (Rahim, 2011). Many organizations cherish the belief and value of having diverse employees from different specialties. This is deemed to help the organization achieve its goals within the stated timelines. However, some employees are not in line with such an approach. They do not want diversity in the organization as it thwarts their struggle for the best opportunity to excel. This creates a scenario where some are not contented with fellow employees. In the end, there is a looming conflict that affects the performance of the firm. For example, some employers do not believe in having workers that have varying beliefs. As such, they will try their best to oppose such an approach. In solving this conflict, there is a possible approach of teaching employees the need for diversity in an organization. This is by ensuring that they bond and interact with each other in ensuring the organization records stunning performance. In many instances, occasional training is instilled to make a better understanding of the situation (Maas, 2010). Similarly, some organizations involve corporate activities which ensure the employees engage in lengthy talks that are also fun. In such a situation, the employees get to know the other’s positive side. The second caus e of conflict in organizations is the issue of opposing interests. Some employees are hell-bent on achieving their interests while in the firm. On the other hand, the firm has its stated achievements that should be keenly followed. In such a situation, there is a conflict as each of the two finds an avenue of achieving the best. For example, some organizations have stated achievements which include maximizing the utility of workers. In such a situation, most organizations would wish workers to spend more time at their work place in ensuring the organization gets the best outcome (Kinicki and Kreitner, 2009). However, some employees would wish to achieve personal goals which include attaining higher studies. Since most of these studies would require more time, the employees take most of the time studying. In such situations, the organization is not likely to reflect utter utility. This affects its entire performance as it has to struggle achieving maximum utility from some of these e mployees. In solving such a situation, the organization should have clearly stipulated rules and regulations on time management. For example, if the workers would wish to continue with their education, it is advisable that they should seek discontinuation from duties for the stated time. When the employees are concentrating on one activity at a time, they are likely to give it the best shot (Maas, 2010). Therefore, when they have all the time

Harley Davidson Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Harley Davidson - Coursework Example Over the years HD Motorcycle Company had to adopt many strategies in terms of marketing so that they could cope with stiff competition posed by the likes of Honda and Suzuki. According to a famous book written by Michael porter on the different competitive strategies adopted by companies and nations, we see that they may take the form of 3 basic strategies; the overall cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy or the strategy that focuses on just a particular niche of the market. These strategies are normally used to create a platform that can be used to outperform various competitors. Harley Davidson generally uses the ‘differentiation’ strategy widely as their generic competitive strategy. The differentiation strategy is where a company chooses to counter competition by attempting to offer something unique in the existing market in terms of products or services. The HD motorcycle company offers its heavyweight brand of motorcycles through various designs which are distinctive in terms of design. The company in itself has over 100 years of existence in the motorcycle industry, more than any other motorcycle company in the world. It was because of this that the Harley Davidson brand has become an American iconic brand and nostalgia therefore it was no longer a just a motorcycle brand but also a traditional brand that has been carried on through generations. The motorcycle brand in itself consists of an American flag that represents the nice feeling of freedom to the Americans, the type of freedom only compared to that of riding. This attachment to the consumers is what has given Harley Davidson the competitive edge over other motorcycle companies. Therefore the customers owning the American made versions always perceive the Harley Davidson bikes as the only high quality products and are always demanding for the additional exclusive value that can be added without even considering the increase in price. Also still on the differentiation str ategy, the HD motorcycle company produces over 30 different models of motorcycles. This diversity has increased their reach into the 4 different units of the target market which are; Touring market, Custom market, Performance market and lastly the Standard market. Harley Davidson Company allows buyers of their bikes to customize them through the use of chromes and other custom parts that are provided by Harley Davidson dealers all over America. This has made sure that they establish an unrivaled motorcycle empire in the American market only and not the other market areas like in Europe. This was because the company’s history and reputation affected only as far as American states alone. Further differentiation of their motorcycles and accessories then proved to be a good generic competitive strategy again. This was through the development of new motorcycle design that was called the ‘V Rod’ which is a Porsche designed engine heavy motorcycle. The V Rod or the VRSC model did not just impact positively (in terms of sales volume) for Harley Davidson Company in Europe alone, it also sold very well in Japan although this strategy was not that effective as the sales

The takeover market and corporate governance Essay

The takeover market and corporate governance - Essay Example The corporate takeover market is the market for corporations which have been weakened by poor management or systemic risks, the prices of which have therefore fallen, and which present opportunities for buy-out by stronger, cash rich firms. The approach to corporate takeovers may be either friendly or hostile, but the intention is the same – to gain control over a productive enterprise. Other than this basic definition, there have been certain characteristics popularly attributed to corporate takeover bids, among which are that they are, according to De Pamphilis (2010, p. 86): (1) motivated by excessive greed; (2) reviled as a job destroyer; (3) praised as a means of dislodging incompetent management; and (4) heralded by shareholders as a source of windfall gains. While these may be true, the corporate takeover market serves two important purposes in a free market economy, which are, according to De Pamphilis (2010) that: (1) The corporate takeover market facilitates the effi cient allocation of resources to sectors where they may be needed more and where they can be used more efficiently; and (2) The corporate takeover market provides a mechanism by which underperforming corporate managers may be held accountable for their inefficiencies and to discipline them for their poor management of their corporations.Corporate takeover would sometimes take the form of hostile takeovers or proxy fights, the successful conduct of which may replacing incompetent and unreliable managers, and thereby promote good corporate governance practices. ... 87) When mechanisms for corporate control internal to the firm are relatively weak, then it is possible for a hostile takeover of the firm to take place. In such cases, the corporate takeover market performs the function of a â€Å"court of last resort† (Kini, Kracaw & Mian, 2004 in DePamphilis, 2009, p. 94). In a hostile tender offer, the potential acquirer bypasses the board and management of the target firm, and makes a direct offer to the shareholders to purchase their shares at an attractive price. A study of nearly 8,000 acquisitions between 1980 to 1999 showed evidence that the corporate takeover market tends to impose discipline on managers of larger firms more effectively than on managers of smaller firms (Offenberg, 2009). Two theories that have evolved to explain why managers resist takeover attempts are the management entrenchment theory, and the shareholders’ interest theory. Management entrenchment theory states that managers defend against takeover attemp ts in order to prolong their stay with the firm (it will be recalled that takeovers result in new and better management replacing the old and incompetent one). Shareholders’ interest theory, on the other hand, posits that management may resist takeovers as a bargaining strategy to raise the proposed purchase price for the benefit of the shareholders of the target firm. Companies have developed several defenses against takeover bids, such as poison pills (these are plans that give shareholders the right to buy the company’s shares below the prevailing market price, in the likelihood of a takeover bid). However, in order to improve transparency and meet shareholders’ demands for more responsive corporate governance practices, many of these firms

The Statement and Limitations of the Reasoning Essay

The Statement and Limitations of the Reasoning - Essay Example Therefore I exist† is used in one place by Descartes in his Discourse on the Method, part 4, paragraph 1, where he says, â€Å"I noticed that while I was thus trying to think everything false, it was necessary that I, who was thinking this, was something. And observing that this truth "I am thinking, therefore I exist" was so firm and sure that all the most extravagant suppositions of the skeptics were incapable of shaking it, I decided that I could accept it without scruple as for the first principle of the philosophy I was seeking†. Descartes observed that there were several conflicts in philosophy, state Skirbekk and Gilje (2001), and according to him the only certain method was the deductive mathematical method. It became the determining factor in his philosophy. In a deductive system, the conclusions are of little value if the premises are uncertain and only half-true. If philosophy is to be a deductive system like Euclid’s geometry, completely true premises or axioms should be found. According to Moorman (1943), Descartes synthesized Mathematics with Philosophy. The scientific system that Descartes borrowed from Mathematics and from deductive components of the scientific method, led to the deductive philosophical system in which absolutely certain propositions had to be found. â€Å"The cogito was an axiomatic statement, one of identity†. Descartes gave objective reality to a geometrical extension. The Cogito argument is represented as a compelling intuition about ourselves in relation to the physical world, and it has a close connection with the improbability of materialism, states Slezak (1983). Ayer (1953) agrees with Descartes that the proposition â€Å"I am thinking, therefore I exist† cannot be doubted. Descartes’ methodical doubt is a means of filtering out all the propositions that one logically can doubt in order to find the propositions that are logically beyond doubt, and these propositions can be used as premises in the deductive system.  

Stereotyping of Arabs in Western media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stereotyping of Arabs in Western media - Essay Example This has created a mentality of us against them, where producers still unconsciously perceive the Arabs, and Muslims in general, as being the enemy, although they would never to such a thing. The various events which have taken place in the twentieth century have worked to strengthen this opinion of Arabs, as seen where the latter are looked upon as being a violent people, whose religious fanaticism is the cause of all the major conflicts in the world today. The events leading to the September 11 attacks and its aftermath have all been blamed on Arabs, who are seen as having had a direct hand in these events. The fact that a majority of the Arab people in the world are just regular people like any other westerner seems not to have been put into consideration as many of them have become victims of racially instigated attacks because of who they are and what they look like. According to Hussein (2010, p118) Hollywood films that feature Arabs are examples of the inherent racism that has long been established in western media and that the fact that these films are shown in public comes to influence how its audience views the Arab people. The American media, especially the films, tend to include evil Arab characters as well as racial slurs which are used to demean them and this creates a situation where people from the Middle East are viewed as being an evil race, with no set moral standards. This is not a true reflection of the Arab people and, because of the bias of western media against them, they have come to be portrayed in an extremely negative light where it is difficult to determine or differentiate between the Arabs with good intentions from those with evil ones. The Arab men have come to be depicted as being chauvinistic in the movies that feature them, showing them not only mistreating their wives and daughters, but also keeping them in the background where they have little or no rights (Hassan 2001, p.56). They have also come to be depicted as being gree dy for money and as being willing to sell their souls for the sake of acquiring more of it, a depiction which goes against the fact that Arabs have throughout their history been an entrepreneurial race much involved in trade. Because Islam allows Arab men to marry up to four wives, western media has come to depict them as being womanizers who are extremely attracted to western women. Whenever Arabs men are shown in films, they are depicted as traveling with vast harems to satisfy their every desire, a depiction which is not a true reflection of the character of this race. The Arab-Israeli conflict has not been of much help in improving the image of Arabs in western media and this is because of the fact that the true story concerning the conflict has been distorted in favor of the Israelis. This conflict has been a key feature in western media since the formation of the state of Israel in 1948 and despite the fact that the Jewish state has committed many injustices against the Palest inian people; the latter are still depicted as being the aggressors. The fact that women, children, and the elderly have fallen victim to Israeli attacks has been kept in the background, while the image of Arab men as being fanatical terrorists attacking the state of Israel has been brought to the foreground (Onwudiwe 2005, p.6). This has created a situation where it has become difficult for the image of Arabs

African American Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

African American Stereotypes Essay A stereotype is a popular belief about specific types of individuals. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. African Americans have been perceived to be someone they are not in the media, history, and in everyday life. Although some stereotypes are true, many are harmful and inaccurate. African American stereotypes are generalizations about the behavior of African Americans originated mainly in American culture and derived from how slave owners used to view slaves. African American stereotypes allow someone from getting to know a person their self. If someone has one bad interaction with an African American, they will limit their selves from getting to know how African Americans truly are. They will base every other African American off of that one bad altercation. The most damaging features of African American stereotypes are the influence they have on young African Americans. Young people tend to limit them selves because of stereotypes. African Americans are unaware that they play into and help to reinforce the African American stereotype. They believe that the African American stereotypes imposed upon them, will limit them in life. The stereotype that â€Å"African Americans will complain that the system is set up to prevent black people from attaining certain positions†, is very common. If they accept these stereotypes and believe them they will limit them selves. Barack Obama who holds the highest office in America is a good example of how this stereotype is false. Some stereotypes are set up to be positive, this does not make the practice of perpetuating these African American stereotypes right. At A N University students (African Americans and Caucasians) were asked to give some stereotypes of African Americans. The current African American stereotypes are thought to be criminal, poor, athletic, religious, musically gifted, loud, dumb, lazy, simple-minded, obnoxious, talk with slang, opinionated, and dress urban, wear baggy pants, and have cornrows. Kool Aid , Chicken, and watermelon was also thought to be a specialty meal in their household. They were thought to live in the lower class neighbor hoods, have one parent, multiple siblings, be rather street smart versus ook smart, involved in gangs. When a group of African American children were asked in a local Baltimore elementary school what they wanted to become when they grow up they had many common answers. Many boys wanted to be a professional basketball player, football player, and become a rapper. Few wanted to be doctors, police officers, fire fighters, entrepreneurs, and nurses. Many African American males are thought to be thugs, drug dealers, high school dropouts, deadbeat fathers, janitors, trash man. A thug is someone who is going through struggles, has gone through struggles, and continues to live day by day with nothing for them. † (Tupac Shakur) No young man wants to grow up and become a thug. Tupac Shakur said that the African American trend of sagging pants is an un organized protest. The sagging pants is a part of someone attitude. It is their way to relate. It is a form of character. A young mans father may not sag his pants but, he may see his idol sagging his pants and want to relate to or admire him. Morehouse professor Bryan T. Marks held a panel at Morehouse College about African American stereotypes. He said that there are more black men enrolled in jail rather than jail. He also stated that African Americans are the most religious, but most likely to get a divorce. There are more black men in jail and prison than in college, but there are more college-age black men in college than in jail and prison. Statistics show that there were an estimated 791,600 black men in jail and prison in 2000 and a count of 603,032 in college in 1999. The more reliable U. S. Census Bureau reports were that 816,000 black men in college in 2000. When people think of black men in jail they use the entire age range of black males when making these comparisons. The age range for college-going males is generally 18 to 24, not the 18 to 55 (and up) range of the jail and prison population. Viewed this way, the ratio of black men in college compared with jail and prison is 4-to-1. Black slang is a form of informal spoken language whose origins are most often associated with African Americas. Slang is a way for young African Americans to express themselves. Many other races copy their expressions because they think it is cool. Some commonly used terms are words such as; gangsta, bling, grills, hang, hood, benjamins, dopes, aight, holla, crib, playa, roll up, straight, yo, and shawty. The Stereotype that Black women have bad attitudes is very common. In fact, it’s been around so long that it has earned the name, Angry Black Women Syndrome. Do Black women have attitudes? My guess is that most black women would fall into the unique personality type. That is a person characterized as quiet, determined, independent, serious, and interested in trying to better her self. â€Å"The idea that Black women are a species of neck rolling, lip smacking, finger snapping, ball busting sub-humans come from? People, who have no contact with Black women outside of retail shopping, see Black women going off on their husbands, boyfriends, kids, co-workers, even bosses with no constraint, remorse, or respect for authority and societal norms on sitcoms, talk shows, reality shows, news clips and even commercials. â€Å"

Unitary PLC, Rack-Mounted PLC and Modular PLC

Unitary PLC, Rack-Mounted PLC and Modular PLC Overview Before PLCs were created many industries such as the automobile industry used hundreds of thousands of relays to control their processes. This was very time consuming and expensive, sometimes resulting in a two year change around between different products because electricians would have had to individually rewire every relay to change a production system for a different line of cars etc. Programmable Logic Controllers or PLCs were first designed in 1968 when General Motors decided that a replacement for this type of process was needed. PLCs are designed for multiple inputs and outputs. A PLC is essentially a small computer which is used for mainly industrial purposes but also has other uses. Industrial uses could be: Packaging lines Robots Hydraulic machines Pneumatic machines Other uses could be; Traffic lights Car parking barriers Signalling systems PLC Units There are three types of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). They are Unitary, Modular and Rack mounted. All three types have different features both good and bad which make each type suitable for many different applications. Unitary PLC Design and characteristics A Unitary PLC contains all the features of a basic system in one compact unit, the features include; A power supply. The main module which contains a central processing unit (CPU). The input module. The output module. Unitary PLCs are fitted directly to the component or machine that they are controlling. The advantages of a unitary PLC: They are small and compact. They hold all the basic components in one unit. They allow portable and easy access. They are usually the cheapest type of PLC. The disadvantages of a unitary PLC: They cannot be expanded. If any feature fails then the whole unit has to be replaced. They are very simple and basic. Applications Unitary PLCs can be used for any application that does not require a lot of inputs or outputs. For example a car park barrier, this would not use many inputs/ outputs and would only require a simple program. Modular PLC Design and Characteristics Modular PLCs are a system of modules that can be slotted together to build up a system. The basic modules contain; A power supply. The main module which contains a central processing unit (CPU). The input module. The output module. Other types of module can be attached as well as extra input and output modules to increase the capacity or to cope with changes in hardware system. The advantages of a modular PLC: The amount of input and output terminals can be expanded to cope with any changes to the hardware system. If any feature fails then only that part has to be changed saving on cost. The disadvantages of a modular PLC: They are expensive compared to unitary PLCs. Applications Modular PLCs are useful for applications where there would be a lot of inputs and outputs because more input/output modules can be added if needed. This type of PLC is widely used in the manufacturing industry to control process lines. Rack-Mounted PLC Design and Characteristics The design and characteristics of a rack mounted system are very similar to a modular system however these modules are on standard cards which then slot together into a rack inside a control cabinet. These modules communicate via the rack. The advantages of a rack-mounted PLC: They are easily modified or expanded. They have more I/O points than any other type of PLC. If any feature fails then only that part has to be changed saving on cost. The disadvantages of a rack-mounted PLC: They are usually the most expensive of the three PLCs Applications Like the modular PLC this type of system is widely used in the manufacturing industry. This is mainly because of the amount of input/output points that the system can contain but also because it has the ability to communicate with other networks. Internal Workings of a PLC CPU The CPU- Central Processing Unit acts as the brain of the PLC. It contains a memory unit into which the PLC program is written into. It is basically used to process the information it receives from inputs and carries out instructions to the outputs according to the logic programmed into it. This process is called the scan cycle and it occurs every 5ms. The scan cycle is shown below. (Ref 2) When a program is written on a programming device such as a laptop it is uploaded to the CPU, once it has been uploaded it is then written into the CPUs memory. The programming device can then be disconnected without losing any data from the PLC because the program is now saved into the memory of the CPU. Only the unitary PLC has a CPU built into it, on the modular and rack-mounted PLCs the CPU comes as a separate module. On modular PLCs the CPU would be the first module whereas on rack-mounted PLCs the CPU is governed by the amount of inputs and outputs that are being used. Input and Output Devices In PLCs data is collected from inputs which are connected to the input modules and sent to the CPU, this data is then executed within the program logic and then sent to the output devices via the output modules to perform a specific task. The inputs and outputs are assigned a reference point in the PLC so that they are easily recognisable when programming. An input device is any peripheral piece of hardware that is used to send data information and control signals to any information processing system, in this case the PLC. In terms of PLCs there are two different types of inputs, analogue and digital. An example of an analogue input would be a sensor or transmitter and an example of a digital input would be a switch, push button etc. Inductive proximity sensor An inductive proximity sensor will detect metal surfaces or devices without coming into contact with them. The sensor face is made up of windings from the oscillator. These form an alternating magnetic field around the sensor face called an inductance loop. The inductance of a loop will change if a metal is placed inside it because metals are much more effective inductors than other types of material. Once the inductance loop is altered the change is detected by sensing circuitry which then signals to another device such as a PLC. Capacitive sensor A capacitive sensor will detect any surface or device without coming into contact with it. A capacitive sensor uses an alternating voltage which in turn causes the positions of the charges to continually reverse. This then creates an alternating electric current which is detected by the sensor face. The sensor face is made up of capacitors from the oscillator. The amount of current flow is determined by the capacitance, and the capacitance is determined by the area and proximity of the conductive objects. Therefore the larger and closer the object then the greater the current will be and vice versa. Photo Electric Sensor A photoelectric sensor uses light to operate. When a preset level of light is picked up by the sensor the sensor switches. This type of sensor is used to detect moving objects, for example bottles on a conveyor are detected due to the bottles breaking the line of light. Once the line has been broken the switch signal is fed into the electrical control circuit which provides a corrective action. There are three types of photo electric sensor. These are Reflective, retro-reflective and separate type. Optical Reflective Sensor The light is reflected off the surface of the bottle back to the receiver. Optical Retro-reflective Sensor The light is transmitted and reflects off a reflective surface back to the receiver. Optical Separate Sensor Outputs An output device is basically any device that is controlled via the output module of a PLC. In terms of PLCs there are two different types of outputs, analogue and digital. Analogue devices are devices that the output can be varied. Digital outputs are used to control two state devices, this means that they are either on or off. An example of an analogue output would be motor speed; valve position etc and an example of a digital output would be a relay, solenoid valve etc. Indicators Indicator light The simplest of the PLC outputs, the indicator light simply shows that a certain function has worked correctly, for example if a machine was in run mode then a green indicator light could also be activated to notify operators etc that the machine is running. Indicator buzzer Acts in the same principle as the light but uses sound; it is more effective at alerting someone to a problem especially if that person does not have a line of sight of the machine. For example if there was an error that has caused a machine to stop then the buzzer would sound. Solenoid valve A solenoid valve can be operated electrically and pneumatically. In the case of a normally open 3/2 valve it uses one of these to switch it from off to on. Solenoids are named after the amount of states or ports they have and also what function they do. For example a 3/2 spring return solenoid has 3 ports, 2 states and once it has been deactivated it returns back to its natural position via a spring. The 3/2 valve below is shown in two stages. Stage 1 is where the valve is in its natural state where air is flowing from P (the air supply) to b (the exhaust). Whereas in stage 2 the valve is activated allowing air to flow from P to a where the air is sent to another device for example a cylinder. Stage 1 (Ref 1) Stage 2 (Ref 2) Signalling Signalling refers to the use of signals for controlling communications. Signals can be either digital or analogue. With digital signals the signal is logic therefore it is either a 1 (True) or a 0 (False). With analogue signals the entity is continuous where the signal is constantly varying based on real time. For example the amount of light a sensor receives is an analogue signal because it can be any value within the range that the sensor can pick up. (Ref 1) In some systems both digital and analogue signalling is needed. For example a house phone shares the same network connection as a pc. In this case a device called a modem is used to convert the signal between the two. (Ref 2)http://geekrich.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/home-network-diagram.gif Networks A PLC must communicate with other devices in order to operate. These devices are connected to the PLC via a network. There are many different types of network such as: Bus Network A bus network is a long cable acting as a backbone which links devices together, the backbone has nodes connected to it via a single line. The signal travels in both directions until they are terminated at either end. The amount of nodes that can be attached however is limited to the strength of the signal. http://www.olson-technology.com/mr_fiber/images/bus_network.gif (Ref 1) LAN- Local Area Network A LAN network is used to connect different hosts in a small area such as an office or a small building. Data is sent in the form of a data packet which includes the address of both the sender and the destination. http://berbagisolusi.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/lanwan11.gif (Ref 1) Programming There are three main types of programming that are used in PLCs. These are; Ladder logic Structured text Functional block Ladder logic Ladder logic is one of the most common styles of PLC programming and it is used in most manufacturing companies. It is called ladder logic simply because the style resembles a ladder as shown below where the two vertical rails are connected by a rung. Rung Rails (Ref 1) It is popular because of its similarity to relay logic which in turn allows most program designers to easily grasp the concept. Ladder logic is written using logic symbols which are shown below and is read from left to right. Ladder logic symbols (Ref 1) Normally open Normally closed Normally open immediate Normally closed immediate NOT Positive transition Negative transition Output Output immediate Set Set immediate Reset Reset immediate Set-dominate bistable Reset-dominate bistable No operation Example of Ladder logic Below is a simple circuit designed to mimic a drilling process where 3 cylinders are used to drill a part. Cylinder a when extended places a part below cylinder b, whilst cylinder c is already extended holding the part securely in place and also preventing the part from falling through the gap below cylinder b. Cylinder b then comes down, drills the part, goes back up and cylinder c retracts allowing the part to fall through the gap. (Ref 1) Cylinder B Cylinder A Cylinder C The ladder diagram for this circuit is shown below. (Ref 1) As can be seen from above the system uses sensors to show whether each cylinder is extended or retracted. This information is then used to activate each cylinder. For example in the first part of the programme which has been highlighted; Relay R1 is activated when the start button is pressed given that the stop button is in the normally closed position. Sensor 5 (S5) is off which is showing that cylinder 3 is extended. When this is off it allows Relay 1 to stay permanently on because one of the contacts from R1 can then complete the circuit and create a latch. R1 is then used to activate solenoid 1(Sol1) to extend cylinder 1 provided that S2 and R4 are off. Structured text Structured text is a text based language that uses statements to define what needs to be executed. Structured text uses statements such as: IF†¦THEN†¦ CASE†¦OF†¦ FOR†¦DO†¦ WHILE†¦DO†¦ REPEAT†¦UNTIL†¦ People who are trained in computer language find structured text easier to understand than ladder logic because they are of a similar format.

Stakeholder Analysis Is Important For Toyota Marketing Essay

Stakeholder Analysis Is Important For Toyota Marketing Essay 2.0 INTRODUCTION Business organisations have to take their stakeholders into account in order to succeed in attaining its business goals. The participations and supports from stakeholders are essential to ensure that business operations run smoothly. Stakeholder is any person, group or organisation that will be affected by the business activities and have something to earn or lose with the changes of business operations. Stakeholders include customers, suppliers, distributors, public, community, media, government, etc. 2.1 NEW STRATEGIES FOR TOYOTA According to the case study, Toyota was forced to recall its cars from the US market last year due to faulty brakes. This has affected Toyotas image in the minds of stakeholders. In order to change stakeholders attitude towards Toyota, it has plan on implementing an effective advertising campaign as its new strategy. 2.1.2 ADVERTISING According to wordnetweb.princeton.edu, advertising is defined as a public promotion of some product or service. In other words, advertising is an activity of presenting a product or service to induce people to purchase of it. Advertising is one of marketing tool that is used to sell and promote the products or services of business organisations. Toyota can use advertising campaign to persuade potential customers to purchase the cars produced by its company. Advertising agency can be hired to over view their new product and advertise it to attract the customers. The roles and function of advertising in the communication industry include firstly, to acquire enhanced volumes of sales of products and services. For example, advertising can help Toyota to increase the sales volume of their product by giving pamphlets and brochures to the customers, media advertisement and etc. Secondly, advertising can generate awareness about offerings. For instance, the advertisement in billboards, flyers and media advertisement on Toyota is to attract customers attention and inform customers on the latest promotion. For instance, to introduce a new car model produced by the company. Thirdly, advertising induce trial of a new product and services offered. For example, Toyota Aygo is targeted to the younger generation. Therefore, through its advertisement, it can attract the attention of the youth to purchase and use the car. Fourthly, advertising can also change perception and create reassurance. For example, a good advertisement will make customers feel that t he cars produced by Toyota provides better quality and value compared to the cars which are produced by other companies. Besides that, advertising can also support sales promotional sponsorships and public relations activity, make announcements in public interest, and also motivate and impress trade channels. Advertising is a paid, non personal promotion of a product or service by an advertising agency to inform or persuade a particular target audience. Advertising has evolved to take a variety of forms and has permeated nearly every aspect of modern society. Advertising can take a number of forms, including advocacy, comparative, cooperative, and direct-mail, informational, institutional, outdoor, persuasive, product, reminder, point-of-purchase, and specialty advertising. For instance, Toyota can use the various delivery mechanisms for advertising include banners at sporting events, billboards, Internet Web sites, logos on clothing, magazines, newspapers, radio spots, and television commercials. Through advertising in newspaper and television, Toyota can provide informations to the customer on the models of cars which they offer. This method of advertising can attract large number of people as they are using mass media communication. For example, in newspapers, we can generally see and read the Toyota advertisement regarding the models of cars offered by Toyota and its specifications. Toyota offer quality products at an affordable price. In addition to that, Toyotas television advertising which promotes Toyotas cars that are synonym with quality and sophistication will attract customers to purchase its products. Besides that, Toyota can also use outdoor advertising such as billboards and messages painted on the side of buildings. These are common forms of outdoor advertising, which is often used when quick, simple ideas are being promoted. Since repetition is the key to successful promotion, outdoor advertising is most effective when located along heavily travelled city streets and when the product being promoted can be purchased locally. The advantage of advertising is that it gives the organization total control of the message that will be presented to the audience. 2.2 IMPORTANCE OF STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS Stakeholder analysis is important for Toyota as it helps the organisation to analyse and investigate the interests of stakeholders that might be affected by the companys policy and business operations. Besides that, through the implementation of stakeholder analysis, the potential conflicts and risks that would jeopardise the business operations of the organisation can be identified. In addition to that, a stakeholder analysis assist Toyota in identifying the opportunities and relationships that can be built on between the organisation and its stakeholders during the implementation stage. Furthermore, Toyota can identify the groups that should be supported to take part in the various different stages of the business activities. Moreover, stakeholder analysis aids Toyota in developing appropriate strategies for stakeholder engagement activity by communicating with its stakeholders. Lastly, stakeholder analysis help Toyota in analysing on methods to decrease the negative impacts on vul nerable groups. 2.3 CONCLUSION Stakeholder analysis serves as an important tool to identify and analyse the relationships between several different stakeholders, besides gaining an understanding on their perceptions on key issues. Stakeholders participation is important for the sustainability of an organisation. This is because, the policy and activities of the organisation will be affected if the stakeholders support or oppose to the companys policy. In the case of Toyota USA, its image in the stakeholders minds has dropped due to the recall of its cars from the market. Toyota realised that it has to change the stakeholders attitude and perception of its company, therefore Toyota developed an advertising campaign which serves as its new strategy in order to gain back the shareholders trust of its organisation as one of the market leader in car manufacturing.

The Importance of Style :: Writing Writer Style Styles Essays

The Importance of Style If there’s one thing that this class has taught me, it’s that one of the single most important aspect to consider in writing, is that of the style. Style can be defined many ways, whether it be an analysis of oneÂ’s writing proficiency and technical accuracy, or the writerÂ’s voice, and how they bring across their message to the readers. Without style, all writing becomes at least one of two things: a boring, dragging piece whose clipped pace turns the reader totally off, or it becomes so poorly written that the question of the author’s intelligence comes into play while reading the piece. While I could easily say simply that style is the most important aspect of writing, that would be far too much of an oversimplification. There are many individual pieces that make style what it is. In fact, whole books have been written solely on that subject, such as "Style Toward Clarity and Grace" by Joseph M. Williams, or "The Elements of Style" by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. These texts try to pin down exactly what are the key points that make a successful style, as opposed to one not as well crafted, just as the purpose of this essay is. The first thing I think of when I try to define good styles of writing is a knack for grammar and vocabulary. These are the most important aspects of writing when it comes to getting oneÂ’s message across. Without proper grammar, confusion and misinterpretation reign supreme. Strunk and White feature an entire chapter exclusively to the practice of using the correct grammar (Strunk and White chapter 4). Williams, meanwhile feels that the rules are not necessary to dwell on ever, and breaks rules down into three ways: rules that "No native speaker of English has to think about", rules that educated writers only think about "when they see or hear them violated" and finally, rules that are apparently there for grammarians to find faults in writing, and that educated writers generally accept that these rules can be ignored (Williams 176). If nothing else, this dichotomy in policies from several sources is totally indicative of the very nature of writing itself. Writing has existed for thousands of years, and it seems like at least once a generation, the general acceptance of rules, and even which rules are applicable change dramatically.

Possession in The Exorcist Essay -- The Exorcist

Being Possessed The idea of possession can frighten many people. What horror movie producers and directors that go into this field are counting on is that they can use it to frighten their viewers. The Exorcist and The Exorcist Beginning both are centered on the act of exorcism. Both demoniacs in the films are women though their fates are polar opposites. The exorcisms are also shown in different lights. This is done through special effects as well as lighting and music. The first film in the series stays with a cut and dry method of keeping mainly to the exorcism itself; however, its prequel focuses more on fancy special effects and stimulating music. The newest addition to The Exorcist series also adds in the usual Hollywood love story present in most films in our time. Prequels tend to also serve the purpose of story building, regardless of how new it is. In this case it has the duty of creating and explaining the character of Merrin. The success of both The Exorcist and The Exorcist Beg inning was not only due to the story line, but also the mystery of it as well as its acceptance in society and the church. The exorcism itself, such as the effects and the overall focus on it were portrayed differently within The Exorcist and The Exorcist Beginning in accordance with the view from society in general and their expectations on how a movie should be done. The rite of exorcism dates back many centuries. It is a practice not only practiced in Christianity but in Pagan religions as well. The main difference between the two is that Pagan exorcists rely on their own power to expel the demons rather then the Christians drawing their power directly from God to do the job (Baker, 137). This power was given to the Christia... ...new technology back then. Movies have now been mandated by the movie making industry to take on new twists, however. The Exorcist Beginning, being the prequel to the first of the series, had to pull something new to get the viewers it needed for success. Therefore, Harlin put in the notorious love story to add a special little twist to our emotion. This in conjunction with the development of Merrin, puts the actual exorcism out of the spot light. Thus, showing how movies have been changed over time with the change in wants from society. As their wants for a good movie change, so must the actual film to acquire success. The Exorcist and The Exorcist Beginning both followed the expectations of society for their respective filming eras to become very successful movies, having their success fueled by the mixed views and conceptions of both the church and society.

gene therapy :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gene Therapy Gene Therapy is the insertion of a gene or genes into cells in order to provide a new set of instructions to those cells. Gene insertion can be used to correct an inherited genetic defect which is causing disease, to counter or correct the effects of a genetic mutation, or even to program a cell for an entirely new function or property. Genes are composed of molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA (see Nucleic Acids), and are usually located in the nucleus of cells. The instructions that direct the development of an organism are encoded within the genes. Some diseases such as cystic fibrosis are caused by an inherited genetic defect. Other diseases are caused by a miscoding of a gene so that the instructions it contains are disrupted or changed. Genetic miscoding occurs when the DNA in a cell is being duplicated during cell growth and division (somatic mutation) and is common when a cell becomes cancerous. Clinical use of gene therapy began on September 14, 1990, at the National I nstitute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, when a four-year-old girl received gene therapy treatment for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, an ordinarily fatal inherited disease of the immune system. Because of this genetic defect she was susceptible to recurrent life-threatening infections. Gene therapy for this patient involved using a genetically modified virus to carry a normal ADA gene into her immune cells. The inserted ADA gene then programmed the cells to produce the missing ADA enzyme, which led to normal immune function in those cells. This treatment temporarily helped her to develop resistance to infection. Gene therapy may eventually provide effective treatment for many diseases that currently have no cure. These include inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and juvenile diabetes. In addition, gene therapy can also be used to treat many disorders that are not inherited, since gene insertion can also program a cell for an entirely new function . Several new therapies for non-genetic disorders are currently being tested.

Macroeconomic Situation Essay

The economic situation in the United States today could be considered as one of the deepest crisis the mankind has seen in so many years. The GDP growth rate of the country has decreased and ultimately got in the negative figures. The GDP growth rate in the year 2009 was -2. 4%, the inflation rate of the nation got around at 2. 2%. After the credit crisis and the subprime crisis, the overall economy was hampered with phases of rapid unemployment and bailouts for biggest financial sector companies. The overall trust in the service sector was reduced to a considerable level. The unemployment rate in April 2010 was estimated around at 9.9%. Due to continuous decrease in the growth rate of economy, the level of public debt also increased and reached $12. 28 trillion (January 2010) which is 84% of GDP. (â€Å"National Economic Accounts–nd†) But after the deep recession period, the economy is finally showing some signs of relief and recovery now. Though the expected growth rates are still negative, still the cumulative growth rates are expected to be better in the coming financial year. Provided the amount of the economic unscrambling the nation had witnessed in winter 2008-2009, the recovery pattern is still very weak, most importantly in persistent financial difficulties. The US congress and Federal Reserve have taken a number of steps in order to ensure that the current financial condition could be stabilized and active efforts could be made towards recovery and growth. The most extraordinary of those were producing a Primary Dealer Credit Facility and helping the acquisition of Bear Stearns by J. P. Morgan Chase. The Federal Reserve along with the Congress has continued to use the conventional macroeconomic tools in order to combat the current situation. (â€Å"The Current Economic Situation–nd†) The bailouts and government intervention into an otherwise free market are indications of such steps initiated by them. Taking account of the steps taken by Federal Reserve, the short term rates have fallen but still the amount of risk in the interbank loan market has not changed much over the time. References: The Current Economic Situation: Retrieved on 5th June 2010 from website: http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/90xx/doc9078/Chapter2. 4. 1. shtml National Economic Accounts: Retrieved on 5th June 2010 from website: http://www. bea. gov/national/index. htm

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

The True Story of Slavery The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is a riveting story that shows how cruel and dehumanizing slavery truly is. Slavery was an issue for nearly all of the 70 years it plagued America. In this narrative Douglass brings to light the sickening experience that slavery is for slaves themselves. Douglass is able to communicate how terrible the institution of slavery is because of the physical abuse many masters forced the slaves to endure, the necessities that were not provided to them, and their treatment as something like cattle. Douglass learned very early that brutal physical abuse was synonymous with everyday plantation life. For nearly any reason, a supervisor or overseer could beat or whip a slave. Most of the times slaves were abused, it was done publically in order to set a precedent for punishment of other slaves. The theory was that when other slaves see their possible punishment, that they would behave themselves. Douglass recalls a gruesome scene from his early days on the plantation that perfectly illustrates the cruelty of the overseers. He recalls his first overseer, Mr. Plumber, beating his Aunt Hestor: â€Å"He used to tie [her] up to a joist, and whip upon her naked back until she was literally covered in blood. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush† (Douglass 5) This beating shows the pain that overseers go out of the way to create incredibly painful and uncomfortable situations that their slaves must go through. Unfortunately, this example was commonplace, and done even for the smallest wrongdoings. This caused spectators to think they could do nothing to avoid being beaten because someday the will mess up and be forced to endure the pain of the cow skin. Essentially, these vicious beatings became an inevitability of slave life. Although plagued everyday with physical beating, the life of a slave does not get any easier as the return home. If slaves were lucky, they were treated almost equal to cattle, but most of the time given even less food and other necessities. Slaves were required to work insanely long hours in the field, while coming home to a shack without any of the necessities of life. They were not provided with proper food, housing or clothing. Douglass recounts the minimal amount of food he received each month: â€Å"Eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn meal† (Douglass 9). This amount of food is not even enough to feed a sedentary person, let alone someone who has been toiling from sunrise to sunsets in the fields. The food the slaves were given essentially had no nutritional value. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes† (Douglass 9). The clothing that the slaves were provided with was not anywhere near adequate to keep them warm during the winter, or to provide protection against the elements in any way . As horrible as it was, the deprivation of clothing and food from slaves was only just the beginning. Worst of all was the mental pressures put upon the slaves, this pressure grew to be extremely tormenting for almost all slaves. Their treatment as nothing more than property, easily replicable and of no value made slaves depressed, and feel hopeless. The slaves were in constant mental turmoil, trying to deject the thoughts constantly implanted into their minds by their masters. Overseers took pride in making sure slaves were aware of their inferiority to white men. Douglass recalls how the slaves were grouped with animals: â€Å"We were all ranked together at the valuation. Men and women, old and young, married and single, were ranked with horses, sheep, and swine. There were horses and men, cattle and women, pigs and children, all holding the same rank in the scale of being† (Douglass 46). This grouping essentially denies their right to be human and to feel any self worth. Slaves are left with a lack of confidence and eternal self-pity. Through Douglass’ narrative he is able to communicate the true ills of slavery. Not many subjects can still send a chill down reader’s spines over 100 years later. Douglass is able to accurately portray how the Physical and Mental strains of slavery can affect the willpower of the slaves. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass The True Story of Slavery The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is a riveting story that shows how cruel and dehumanizing slavery truly is. Slavery was an issue for nearly all of the 70 years it plagued America. In this narrative Douglass brings to light the sickening experience that slavery is for slaves themselves. Douglass is able to communicate how terrible the institution of slavery is because of the physical abuse many masters forced the slaves to endure, the necessities that were not provided to them, and their treatment as something like cattle. Douglass learned very early that brutal physical abuse was synonymous with everyday plantation life. For nearly any reason, a supervisor or overseer could beat or whip a slave. Most of the times slaves were abused, it was done publically in order to set a precedent for punishment of other slaves. The theory was that when other slaves see their possible punishment, that they would behave themselves. Douglass recalls a gruesome scene from his early days on the plantation that perfectly illustrates the cruelty of the overseers. He recalls his first overseer, Mr. Plumber, beating his Aunt Hestor: â€Å"He used to tie [her] up to a joist, and whip upon her naked back until she was literally covered in blood. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush† (Douglass 5) This beating shows the pain that overseers go out of the way to create incredibly painful and uncomfortable situations that their slaves must go through. Unfortunately, this example was commonplace, and done even for the smallest wrongdoings. This caused spectators to think they could do nothing to avoid being beaten because someday the will mess up and be forced to endure the pain of the cow skin. Essentially, these vicious beatings became an inevitability of slave life. Although plagued everyday with physical beating, the life of a slave does not get any easier as the return home. If slaves were lucky, they were treated almost equal to cattle, but most of the time given even less food and other necessities. Slaves were required to work insanely long hours in the field, while coming home to a shack without any of the necessities of life. They were not provided with proper food, housing or clothing. Douglass recounts the minimal amount of food he received each month: â€Å"Eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn meal† (Douglass 9). This amount of food is not even enough to feed a sedentary person, let alone someone who has been toiling from sunrise to sunsets in the fields. The food the slaves were given essentially had no nutritional value. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes† (Douglass 9). The clothing that the slaves were provided with was not anywhere near adequate to keep them warm during the winter, or to provide protection against the elements in any way . As horrible as it was, the deprivation of clothing and food from slaves was only just the beginning. Worst of all was the mental pressures put upon the slaves, this pressure grew to be extremely tormenting for almost all slaves. Their treatment as nothing more than property, easily replicable and of no value made slaves depressed, and feel hopeless. The slaves were in constant mental turmoil, trying to deject the thoughts constantly implanted into their minds by their masters. Overseers took pride in making sure slaves were aware of their inferiority to white men. Douglass recalls how the slaves were grouped with animals: â€Å"We were all ranked together at the valuation. Men and women, old and young, married and single, were ranked with horses, sheep, and swine. There were horses and men, cattle and women, pigs and children, all holding the same rank in the scale of being† (Douglass 46). This grouping essentially denies their right to be human and to feel any self worth. Slaves are left with a lack of confidence and eternal self-pity. Through Douglass’ narrative he is able to communicate the true ills of slavery. Not many subjects can still send a chill down reader’s spines over 100 years later. Douglass is able to accurately portray how the Physical and Mental strains of slavery can affect the willpower of the slaves.

Narrative Writing Assessment Essay

Warm up the prompt by reading something short, such as a picture book, that matches the prompt. †¢ The prompt is to be â€Å"loose†, that is the student can write on any subject that comes to mind, tweaking the prompt to fit him/her. †¢ The mode of the piece is narrative. This simply means a personal experience. †¢ The maximum time to write is 30 minutes. When the student is finished, proceed with other assessments or share the pieces you wrote to one another. †¢ The teacher writes as well. This encourages and motivates the student, showing him/her you value the writing †¢ This piece is to be an â€Å"on-demand† piece. This means that the writer is not to recopy. It is expected to be a rough draft. †¢ Provide composition paper with lines, or use the spiral and tear the paper out. You can cut off the messy ripped paper along the side if you want later. †¢ The primary â€Å"topics† to use are subjects many authors write about: a favorite person, place or thing. Writers usually tell about their favorite using the narrative mode because the narrative, a true story that follows a story line, is more interesting. Narrative Writing Assessment Protocols Picture Books Matching the Topics: Place All the Places to Love (MacLachlan) If You’re Not from the Prairie (Bouchard) The Canoe (Gary Paulsen) Person My Rotten Redheaded Brother (Palocco) Thank You Mr. Falker (Palocco) My Great Aunt Arizona (Houston) Thing (can be an object or a pet) My Grandpa Was a Cowboy (the ring—Silky Sullivan) The Worry Stone (Dengler). Everybody Needs a Rock (Baylor) What to say: â€Å"Today we are going to write a narrative about something–anything—that matters to you or comes to your mind about a favorite person, place or thing. Tell your piece like a story, that is, something happens. When we were younger, all of us have had something or someone or someplace that comes to mind that stands out. Which would you like to write about? (Show the student the three books, one on a favorite person, one a place, etc. The student selects. ) Pick a favorite to write about: person, place or thing. I’ll read you the picture book you pick to help stimulate some ideas. † Scoring Protocols: †¢ Use the â€Å"3† anchor papers for each grade from third through twelfth to find a match between the anchor and your student’s writing. This is holistic scoring. Record the grade and date. †¢ Count by estimating the number of words the student wrote. Record. †¢ Record how many minutes he/she wrote. †¢ Find two or three things that are strengths to use as specific reinforcements to share with the student the next day. What you notice and show to the student will be repeated in future writing.

Christian liberty Essay

According to the page, Martin Luther’s argument revolves around two basic proposition of liberty. Which states that: â€Å"A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none† (Luther). By this statement he meant that once a person is freed by Jesus Christ, there shouldn’t be any other thing that would have a true dominion on the person on earth. So if Jesus sets you free, indeed you are freed. He explained that man has two folds nature: the inner soul, the spiritual and the carnal, outward flesh. A Christian does not become righteous by doing anything that has to do with flesh but only by the faith in Jesus. Nothing on earth should have any influence on Christian liberty. The second principle was that a Christian â€Å"man is the most dutiful servant of all, and subject to everyone† (Luther). The two propositions appeared to be contradictory but Luther was able to explain further on both making it clear. He asserts that only one thing alone is necessary for a Christian liberty and that is the Gospel of Christ. He defines Christian liberty as the freedom from the law putting it that the law is not meant for a righteous man. It is the belief in Christ that brings peace and liberty. While Freedom of the soul and its justification comes by faith alone and not by work, he said â€Å"it is evident that by no outward work or labor can the inward man be at all justified, made free, and saved† (Luther). In conclusion, Freedom comes when one belief in the word of God, that is one’s soul get freed and one become saved. Whereas, one get liberty after one has believed wholeheartedly in the Gospel of Christ, it is the word of God that teaches liberty. The freedoms mentioned by Martin Luther all have an element in common: they are all divine freedoms from things of the world. In contrast, Christians should be voluntary servants to God and other men, motivated by love for God and the changes made by salvation. Reference Luther M, Concerning Christian Liberty. Retrieved May 09, 2010 From http://homepage. mac. com/shanerosenthal/reformationink/mlchrlib. htm

Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Progressive Era - Essay Example As Industrial Revolution receded into the background and new modes of production, manufacturing and economic management models emerged, the socio-economic impact of the period was exposed. Indeed, as argued by Anderson (1974), with all its economic contributions and previously unprecedented productivity and growth, industrialisation had given rise to unemployment, labor unrest and poverty. The working classes, as opposed to the middle and upper socio-economic ones, were the victims of disease and poverty. The wide-scale depression which beset America from 1893 to 1897 only compounded the suffering of this class (Anderson, 1974). Within the context of the socio-economic conditions outlined in the preceding, there was a lack of appreciation for childhood and education. Rather than be the recipients of steady and stable education, working class children were sent out to work for minimal wages. Their earning, however meagre, were integral to the survival of their families. There was, accordingly, little room for education or the consideration of the value of education, not just to the child but to the country itself. As the Industrial Revolution passed, implying the evolutio... The new methods of production had simply eliminated the need for child labor (Anderson, 1974). At the same time, the era gave rise to an educated, professional middle class. It was largely due to the efforts of this class that the Progressive Era came about. According to Dumenil (1990), as this class looked towards the conditions that the Industrial Revolution had reduced the working class and urban centers to, they saw poverty, slums, crimes, disease and corruption. They also saw a myriad of discriminatory practices, whether class, gender or race discrimination. Not only did this class, the progressives, establish volunteer organizations such as the American Bar Association, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and National Municipal League, among many others, to address the identified socio-economic problems but they exerted such political pressure as which incited reform. Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal emerged in response to the stated (Dumenil, 1990). The issues and concerns of the era, whether civil rights, feminism, childhood or poverty, incontrovertibly impacted attitudes towards education. Apart from education being acknowledged as a right which all children should exploit to the fullest, greater focus was placed on the philosophy which informed education. As Roberston (1992) contends, John Dewey developed a philosophy of education which, rather than focus on children's absorption, often memorisation without assimilation, of a wide body of knowledge, emphasised the imperatives of personal growth. Dewey thought that children's freedom should be constructed, that it is not simply a product of their free will. He made a distinction between freedom based entirely on free will (doing whatever one wants

A recent crisis in tourism in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A recent crisis in tourism in Thailand - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is Thailand as the second –largest player in the tourism sector in the region and one of the top 30 destinations in the globe both in indirect and direct contributor to GDP and in absolute terms. In 2010, 15.8m foreign tourists visited Thailand. However, the arrival of the foreign tourist sharply declined by 12.9% in May 2010 as contrasted the corresponding period in 2009. In the last two decades, Thailand had witnessed one after another worst crisis. The decline in numbers in 2010 was due to long-run street protests in Bangkok that dispirited the foreign tourists. In the fag end of the year 2011, Thailand met with another crisis – unprecedented flood, which devastated its economy and tourism sector. Thailand has been regarded as one of the South-East Asia’s largest economies and has been reckoned as one of the regions’ preferred destination for investments. In the background of global economic downturn and political turb ulence it witnessed in 2010, the country is slowly recovering on strong phases. While the tourism industry prolongs to contribute a major part of its export revenues and is set for further growth in 2012 as well and there has been a visible increase in its export revenues but in the fag end of the year 2011, Thailand met with another crisis – unprecedented flood, which devastated its economy and tourism sector. Tourism has been regarded as one of the largest sectors of the Thailand’s economy and a major foreign-currency earner.... (Oxford Publishing Group, 2009, p.131). This research essay will analyse the various crises witnessed by the Thai’s tourism industry and recent havoc flood in 2011 and how it has impacted the tourist industry of Thailand and suggest means to devise suitable strategies to mitigate the future crises from impacting the Thailand’s tourists industry. Analysis In 2010, 15.8m foreign tourists visited Thailand. However, the arrival of the foreign tourist sharply declined by 12.9% in May 2010 as contrasted the corresponding period in 2009. The decline in numbers in 2010 was due to long-run street protests in Bangkok that dispirited the foreign tourists. As WTTC report 2011, tourism industry directly contributed BT 617.7bn or 5.8% of its economy. (Oxford Publishing Group, 2011). If one look at the above graph, Thailand’s economy had performed since Q4/2008 moderately when compared neighbouring nations like Hong Kong and Singapore but its performance was poor as compared to Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. (Jitsuchon & Patanarangsun, 2009, p.2). The number of foreign tourist visited Thailand was at its peak in January 2008 but dipped to very low level in 2009. Despite the fact that the Thailand’s very positive future outlook for long-run growth , both 2008 , 2009 and 2011 were the toughest years for the Thai’s tourism industry due to political turmoil that occurred both in Pattaya and in Bangkok in April 2009 and devastating floods in 2011. (Jitsuchon & Patanarangsun, 2009, p.6). WTTCs benchmark estimations of Thailand’s tourism effect on its economy which has taken account of the wider input of tourism both indirect and direct across all sections. Hence, it is estimated that the tourist industry’s net contribution to Thailand’s

London Olympics 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

London Olympics 2012 - Essay Example Similarly, there are significant health and safety problems both during and after the event because of a large number of workers that are needed for running the event. The author then talks about the documentary film on which she is working about the London 2012 Olympics. The title of film is ‘Construction in the games’ and it mainly deals with the legacy left by the construction industry in terms of employment and training for the locals. In the end, she points out there is a poor system of training in Britain as mostly the focus of training is on the traditional trades. Since the training from surrounding colleges is inadequate, according to professor, it would be extremely difficult to fulfil the legacy of the London Olympics. Even though it is generally believed that being the host for Olympics bring economic boom for the country, it is not easy to assess the economic impact of the Olympic Games (Cashman, 2002). As expected there is a great surge in the employment of the skilled labor for the construction as well as for different services (Economic and Social Research Council, 2012). However most of these labors are required only in the preparation stage of the game and the rapidly pacing economy suffers a heavy setback once the Olympic Games are over. This is because the labor and the services are no longer required and hence the host country is unable to maintain the momentum it had acquired before the start of the games (Girginov, 2005). Therefore it is not easy to analyze the overall economic impact of the Olympic Games. The Olympics is not merely a sports event but it has evolved into means of urban development and regeneration. It is imperative for the host country to have enough facilities for the participants as well as the spectators therefore a great deal of urban investment is generally required (Winch, 2012). This comes in the form of setting up